State of Ohio Science Standards Scientific Ways of Knowing
Grade: K Scientific Ways of Knowing Ethical Practices Standard Number: 3.   Interact with living things and the environment in ways that promote respect. Nature of Science Standard Number: 1.   Recognize that scientific investigations involve asking open-ended questions.(How?What if?) Standard Number: 2.   Recognize that people are more likely to accept your ideas if you can give good reasons for them. Science and Society Standard Number: 4.   Demonstrate ways science is practiced by people everyday (children and adults). Grade: Gr. 1 Scientific Ways of Knowing Nature of Science Standard Number: 1.   Discover that when a science investigation is done the same way multiple times,one can expect to get very similar results each time it is performed. Standard Number: 2.   Demonstrate good explanations based on evidence from investigations and observations. Science and Society Standard Number: 3.   Explain that everybody can do science,invent things and have scientific ideas no matter where they live . Grade: Gr. 2 Scientific Ways of Knowing Ethical Practices Standard Number: 3.   Describe ways in which using the solution to a problem might affect other people and the environment. Nature of Science Standard Number: 1.   Describe that scientific investigations generally work the same way under the same conditions. Standard Number: 2.   Explain why scientists review and ask questions about the results of other scientists í work. Science and Society Standard Number: 4.   Demonstrate that in science it is helpful to work with a team and share findings with others. Grade: Gr. 3 Scientific Ways of Knowing Ethical Practices Standard Number: 2.   Keep records of investigations and observations and do not change the records that are different from someone else ís work. Nature of Science Standard Number: 1.   Describe different kinds of investigations that scientists use depending on the questions they are trying to answer . Science and Society Standard Number: 3.   Explore through stories how men and women have contributed to the development of science. Standard Number: 4.   Identify various careers in science. Standard Number: 5.   Discuss how both men and women find science rewarding as a career and in their everyday lives. Grade: Gr. 4 Scientific Ways of Knowing Ethical Practices Standard Number: 4.   Explain why keeping records of observations and investigations is important. Nature of Science Standard Number: 1.   Differentiate fact from opinion and explain that scientists do not rely on claims or conclusions unless they are backed by observations that can be confirmed . Standard Number: 2.   Record the results and data from an investigation and make a reasonable explanation. Standard Number: 3.   Explain discrepancies in an investigation using evidence to support findings. Grade: Gr. 5 Scientific Ways of Knowing Ethical Practices Standard Number: 5.   Keep records of investigations and observations that are understandable weeks or months later. Nature of Science Standard Number: 1.   Summarize how conclusions and ideas change as new knowledge is gained . Standard Number: 2.   Develop descriptions,explanations and models using evidence to defend/support findings. Standard Number: 3.   Explain why an experiment must be repeated by different people or at different times or places and yield consistent results before the results are accepted. Standard Number: 4.   Identify how scientists use different kinds of ongoing investigations depending on the questions they are trying to answer (e.g.,observations of things or events in nature,data collection,controlled experiments). Science and Society Standard Number: 6.   Identify a variety of scientific and technological work that people of all ages, backgrounds and groups perform. Grade: Gr. 6 Scientific Ways of Knowing Ethical Practices Standard Number: 2.   Describe why it is important to keep clear,thorough and accurate records . Nature of Science Standard Number: 1.   Identify that hypotheses are valuable even when they are not supported. Science and Society Standard Number: 3.   Identify ways scientific thinking is helpful in a variety of everyday settings. Standard Number: 4.   Describe how the pursuit of scientific knowledge is beneficial for any career and for daily life. Standard Number: 5.   Research how men and women of all countries and cultures have contributed to the development of science. Grade: Gr. 7 Scientific Ways of Knowing Ethical Practices Standard Number: 1.   Show that the reproducibility of results is essential to reduce bias in scientific investigations. Standard Number: 2.   Describe how repetition of an experiment may reduce bias. Science and Society Standard Number: 3.   Describe how the work of science requires a variety of human abilities and qualities that are helpful in daily life (e.g.,reasoning,creativity,skepticism, openness). Grade: Gr. 8 Scientific Ways of Knowing Ethical Practices Standard Number: 2.   Explain why it is important to examine data objectively and not let bias affect observations. Nature of Science Standard Number: 1.   Identify the difference between description (e.g.,observation and summary) and explanation (e.g.,inference,prediction,significance,importance). Grade: Gr. 9 Scientific Ways of Knowing Ethical Practices Standard Number: 4.   Explain how support of ethical practices in science (e.g.,individual observations and confirmations,accurate reporting,peer review and publication)are required to reduce bias. Nature of Science Standard Number: 1.   Comprehend that many scientific investigations require the contributions of women and men from different disciplines in and out of science.These people study different topics,use different techniques and have different standards of evidence but share a common purpose -to better understand a portion of our universe. Standard Number: 2.   Illustrate that the methods and procedures used to obtain evidence must be clearly reported to enhance opportunities for further investigations. Standard Number: 3.   Demonstrate that reliable scientific evidence improves the ability of scientists to offer accurate predictions. Science and Society Standard Number: 8.   Illustrate that much can be learned about the internal workings of science and the nature of science from the study of scientists,their daily work and their efforts to advance scientific knowledge in their area of study . Standard Number: 9.   Investigate how the knowledge,skills and interests learned in science classes apply to the careers students plan to pursue. Scientific Theories Standard Number: 5.   Justify that scientific theories are explanations of large bodies of information and/or observations that withstand repeated testing. Standard Number: 6.   Explain that inquiry fuels observation and experimentation that produce data that are the foundation of scientific disciplines.Theories are explanations of these data. Standard Number: 7.   Recognize that scientific knowledge and explanations have changed over time,almost always building on earlier knowledge. Grade: Gr. 10 Scientific Ways of Knowing Ethical Practices Standard Number: 4.   Recognize that ethical considerations limit what scientists can do. Standard Number: 5.   Recognize that research involving voluntary human subjects should be conducted only with the informed consent of the subjects and follow rigid guidelines and/or laws. Standard Number: 6.   Recognize that animal-based research must be conducted according to currently accepted professional standards and laws. Nature of Science Standard Number: 1.   Discuss science as a dynamic body of knowledge that can lead to the development of entirely new disciplines. Standard Number: 2.   Describe that scientists may disagree about explanations of phenomena, about interpretation of data or about the value of rival theories,but they do agree that questioning,response to criticism and open communication are integral to the process of science. Standard Number: 3.   Recognize that science is a systematic method of continuing investigation, based on observation,hypothesis testing,measurement,experimentation, and theory building,which leads to more adequate explanations of natural phenomena. Science and Society Standard Number: 7.   Investigate how the knowledge,skills and interests learned in science classes apply to the careers students plan to pursue . Grade: Gr. 11 Scientific Ways of Knowing Ethical Practices Standard Number: 5.   Recognize that bias affects outcomes.People tend to ignore evidence that challenges their beliefs but accept evidence that supports their beliefs. Scientist attempt to avoid bias in their work. Standard Number: 6.   Describe the strongly held traditions of science that serve to keep scientists within the bounds of ethical professional behavior. Nature of Science Standard Number: 1.   Analyze a set of data to derive a hypothesis and apply that hypothesis to a similar phenomenon (e.g.,biome data). Standard Number: 2.   Apply scientific inquiry to evaluate results of scientific investigations, observations,theoretical models and the explanations proposed by other scientists. Standard Number: 3.   Demonstrate that scientific explanations adhere to established criteria,for example a proposed explanation must be logically consistent,it must abide by the rules of evidence and it must be open to questions and modifications. Standard Number: 4.   Explain why scientists can assume that the universe is a vast single system in which the basic rules are the same everywhere. Science and Society Standard Number: 8.   Explain that the decision to develop a new technology is influenced by societal opinions and demands and by cost benefit considerations. Standard Number: 9.   Explain how natural and human-induced hazards present the need for humans to assess potential danger and risk.Many changes in the environment designed by humans bring benefits to society as well as cause risks . Standard Number: 10.   Describe costs and trade-offs of various hazards -ranging from those with minor risk to a few people,to major catastrophes with major risk to many people.The scale of events and the accuracy with which scientists and engineers can (and cannot)predict events are important considerations. Standard Number: 11.   Research the role of science and technology in careers that students plan to pursue. Scientific Theories Standard Number: 7.   Explain how theories are judged by how well they fit with other theories,the range of included observations,how well they explain observations and how effective they are in predicting new findings. Grade: Gr. 12 Scientific Ways of Knowing Ethical Practices Standard Number: 6.   Explain that scientists may develop and apply ethical tests to evaluate the consequences of their research when appropriate. Nature of Science Standard Number: 1.   Give examples that show how science is a social endeavor in which scientists share their knowledge with the expectation that it will be challenged continuously by the scientific community and others. Standard Number: 2.   Evaluate scientific investigations by reviewing current scientific knowledge and the experimental procedures used,examining the evidence,identifying faulty reasoning,pointing out statements that go beyond the evidence and suggesting alternative explanations for the same observations. Standard Number: 3.   Select a scientific model,concept or theory and explain how it has been revised over time based on new knowledge,perceptions or technology. Standard Number: 4.   Analyze a set of data to derive a principle and then apply that principle to a similar phenomenon (e.g.,predator-prey relationships,properties of semiconductors). Standard Number: 5.   Describe how individuals and teams contribute to science and engineering at different levels of complexity (e.g.,an individual may conduct basic field studies,hundreds of people may work together on major scientific questions or technical problem). Science and Society Standard Number: 7.   Describe the current and historical contributions of diverse peoples and cultures to science and technology and the scarcity and inaccessibility of information on some of these contributions. Standard Number: 8.   Recognize that individuals and society must decide on proposals involving new research and the introduction of new technologies into society. Decisions involve assessment of alternatives,risks,costs and benefits and consideration of who benefits and who suffers,who pays and gains,and what the risks are and who bears them. Standard Number: 9.   Recognize the appropriateness and value of basic questions ìWhat can happen?î ìWhat are the odds?î and ìHow do scientists and engineers know what will happen?îDecisions involve assessment of alternatives,risks,costs and benefits and consideration of who benefits and who suffers,who pays and gains,and what the risks are and who bears them. Standard Number: 10.   Recognize that social issues and challenges can affect progress in science and technology.(e.g.,Funding priorities for specific health problems serve as examples of ways that social issues influence science and technology.) Standard Number: 11.   Research how advances in scientific knowledge have impacted society on a local,national or global level.